Holding and context
The 2021 decision vacated A-B- I and A-B- II in their entirety and directed adjudicators to follow pre-A-B- I precedent, including Matter of A-R-C-G-, pending rulemaking. This describes the historical holding only. It must not be presented as the current rule for claims involving private actors or domestic violence.
Limits and subsequent history
Matter of S-S-F-M-, 29 I&N Dec. 207 (A.G. 2025), dated September 2, 2025, expressly overruled the 2021 A-B- decision and directed adherence to A-B- I and II. Circuit precedent and later litigation still require separate checks. No exhaustive citator review is represented here.