Ace Immigration · Reference library

Immigration Wiki

What the law says, what a court decided, and what changed. Statutes, agencies and events—with primary sources and practical context.

1571 entries · page 2 / 33

Statutes

INA §241 — Removal, detention and withholding

INA §241; 8 U.S.C. §1231

INA §241 addresses removal after an order, detention and statutory withholding of removal. Its detention and protection provisions raise separate questions and should not be treated as one automatic remedy.

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Statutes

INA §316 — General naturalization requirements

INA §316; 8 U.S.C. §1427

INA §316 states general naturalization requirements for qualifying permanent residents, including residence, physical presence and good moral character. Other statutory routes and exceptions can apply.

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Statutes

INA §319 — Naturalization for spouses of citizens

INA §319; 8 U.S.C. §1430

INA §319 provides naturalization provisions for qualifying spouses of U.S. citizens, including a shorter residence route under specified conditions. Marriage alone does not confer citizenship or guarantee eligibility.

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Statutes

INA §242 — Judicial review of removal orders

INA §242; 8 U.S.C. §1252

INA §242 governs judicial review of removal orders and includes important jurisdictional limits and exceptions. Administrative appeal to the BIA and federal judicial review are different procedures.

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Agencies

Department of Homeland Security

DHS is the federal department that includes USCIS, ICE and CBP. These components have different responsibilities; DHS is not the same institution as the immigration courts within DOJ.

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Agencies

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

ICE is a DHS component with immigration-enforcement and investigative responsibilities. An ICE action or notice is distinct from an immigration judge’s decision and from a USCIS benefit determination.

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Agencies

U.S. Customs and Border Protection

CBP is a DHS component responsible for border-related functions, including inspecting travelers seeking admission. A visa issued by the Department of State is not a guarantee that CBP will admit the traveler.

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Agencies

U.S. Department of State

The Department of State administers visa functions through U.S. embassies and consulates. Visa issuance abroad is distinct from USCIS adjustment of status and from CBP admission at the border.

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Agencies

Board of Immigration Appeals

The BIA is an administrative appellate body within EOIR in the Department of Justice. It reviews specified immigration decisions; it is not a federal court and does not issue every immigration decision.

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Cities

Boca Raton

Boca Raton is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida. Ace Immigration lists its Florida office there; this should not be described as an office within the City of Miami.

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Decisions

INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca

480 U.S. 421 (1987)

The Supreme Court held that asylum’s well-founded-fear standard is different from the higher probability standard for withholding of deportation. This historical distinction does not guarantee either form of protection.

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Decisions

INS v. St. Cyr

533 U.S. 289 (2001)

The Supreme Court held that former INA §212(c) relief remained available to certain people whose pre-IIRIRA convictions resulted from plea agreements. This is a historically bounded retroactivity ruling, not a general current waiver.

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Decisions

Zadvydas v. Davis

533 U.S. 678 (2001)

The Supreme Court construed a specific post-removal-period detention provision as limited to a period reasonably necessary for removal. Six months was described as presumptively reasonable, not an automatic release deadline.

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Decisions

Arizona v. United States

567 U.S. 387 (2012)

The Supreme Court found several provisions of Arizona S.B. 1070 preempted by federal immigration law. It did not facially invalidate the status-check provision, while leaving questions about implementation open.

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Decisions

Pereira v. Sessions

585 U.S. 198 (2018)

The Supreme Court held that a notice to appear lacking the hearing time or place does not trigger the cancellation-of-removal stop-time rule. That holding does not mean every notice defect invalidates proceedings.

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Decisions

Niz-Chavez v. Garland

593 U.S. 155 (2021)

The Supreme Court held that the cancellation stop-time rule requires a single notice containing the required statutory information. It rejected combining separate documents to satisfy that specific trigger.

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Decisions

Nasrallah v. Barr

590 U.S. 573 (2020)

The Supreme Court held that the criminal-alien judicial-review bar does not preclude review of factual challenges to a Convention Against Torture order. This does not guarantee CAT protection or eliminate all review limits.

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Decisions

Patel v. Garland

596 U.S. 328 (2022)

The Supreme Court held that a statutory judicial-review bar covers factual determinations underlying specified discretionary-relief decisions, including adjustment of status in removal proceedings. Legal questions and statutory exceptions require separate analysis.

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States

Arizona

Arizona is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Arizona does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Colorado

Colorado is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Colorado does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Connecticut

Connecticut is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Connecticut does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Georgia

Georgia is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Georgia does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Hawaii

Hawaii is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Hawaii does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Illinois

Illinois is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Illinois does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Indiana

Indiana is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Indiana does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Louisiana

Louisiana is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Louisiana does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Maryland

Maryland is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Maryland does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Massachusetts

Massachusetts is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Massachusetts does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Michigan

Michigan is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Michigan does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Minnesota

Minnesota is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Minnesota does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Missouri

Missouri is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Missouri does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Nebraska

Nebraska is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Nebraska does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Nevada

Nevada is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Nevada does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

New Jersey

New Jersey is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in New Jersey does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

New Mexico

New Mexico is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in New Mexico does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

New York

New York is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in New York does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

North Carolina

North Carolina is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in North Carolina does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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Territories & districts

Northern Mariana Islands

Northern Mariana Islands is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Northern Mariana Islands does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Ohio

Ohio is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Ohio does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Oregon

Oregon is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Oregon does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Pennsylvania does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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Territories & districts

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Puerto Rico does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Tennessee

Tennessee is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Tennessee does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Kentucky

Kentucky is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Kentucky does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Texas

Texas is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Texas does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Utah

Utah is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Utah does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Virginia

Virginia is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Virginia does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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States

Washington

Washington is a geographic reference for the immigration locations listed here. Federal law governs immigration eligibility; a location in Washington does not itself establish status or court jurisdiction.

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Sources and limits

Entries are based on the primary sources listed on each page. An event date is not a last-review date. Historical events and decisions do not establish that a policy still applies today. Russian text is an informational translation; use the original English authority for legal work. No private client cases are published here.

Frequently asked questions

Is this reference library an official source of law?

No. Ace Immigration is a private law firm. Statutes, applicable regulations and governing decisions are primary authorities; these explanations help locate them but do not replace them.

Does a publication date certify attorney review or current law?

No. A publication date records publication, while an event date records a historical milestone. Check subsequent developments. Russian text is an informational translation, not an official legal version.

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